Ahlul Baiti

Malaman tarihi sun kiyaye abubuwan da suka sami Imam Hasan Askari (a.s.) na matsanancin bala'i, kamar abin da Ahmad bn Muhammad ya ruwaito, inda ya ce:

"Yayin da Al-Muhtadi da fara kashe magoya bayan Ahlulbaiti (a.s) sai na rubuta wa Abu Muhammad Hasan Askari (a.s.) na ce masa: Ya shugabana, godiya ta tabbata ga Allah Wanda Ya shagaltar da shi (Muhtadi) daga barinka. Hakika na sami labari cewa yana maka barazana da cewa: "Wallahi sai na kore su daga duk sababbin kasashe", sai Abu Muhammad (a.s.) ya rubuta da hannunsa cewa: "Wannan shi zai takaita rayuwarsa^([246])".

An ruwaito cewa, Imam Askari (a.s.) ya kasance cikin kurkuku a zamanin Al-Mutamad har lokacin da ya kira shi don warware wata matsala da ta faru tsakanin musulmi da wani malamin Nasara, a kan shayarwa (ruwan sama). Sai Imam (a.s.) ya warware ta, to a saboda haka Al-Mutamad ya fito da shi daga kurkukun kuma ya nemi a saki mabiyansa da ke tare da shi a kurkuku, hakan kuwa aka yi, wato a ka sake su.

Wannan shi ne kadan daga tarihin Ahlulbaiti (a.s) a fagen siyasa da fito-na-fiton da suka yi da hukumomin zalunci na lokacinsu wadanda suka doru a kan al'umma. Idan an duba da kyau za a ga cewa, silsilar Imamai goma sha daya mai albarka ta Ahlulbaiti (a.s) ta kasance wani fage ne na jagorantar al'umma da kuma shiryar da su. Don kuwa kowane Imami za a ga shi ne jagorar al'um-mar da ya kasance a cikinta, wanda kuma ya fi kowa ilmi da sanin ya kamata. Irin wannan tsari ba zai yiyu a same shi ba sai da shiri gabatacce daga Allah Ta'ala. Kuma babu makawa wannan bibiya ta jagorancin Ahlulbaiti (a.s) yana sanar da mu mukaminsu da fagensu na shugabancin akida da siyasa a rayuwar wannan al'umma.

Dubi Cikin Mazhabobin Fikihu

A zamanin Manzon Allah (s.a.w.a.) musulmi suna samun hukumce-hukumce da dokoki masu tsara al'amurransu na zamantakewa da ibada, kamar su salla, rabon gado, zaman iyali, kasuwanci, jihadi, aikin hajji da abin da ya shafi kasa da filaye da shari'u da sauransu ne kai tsaye daga Annabi (s.a.w.a), domin shi ne mai isar da sako, mai kira zuwa ga shiriya ta hanyar wahayi.

Bayan da ya koma ga Ubangijinsa Mahalicci, al'ummar musulmi sun koma ga Littafin Allah da Sunnar Ma'aiki (s.a.w.a.), suna daukar dokoki da sanin ra'ayin shari'a kan dukkan abubuwan da suka shafe su ta hanyar sahabbai da Ahlulbaiti (a.s), wadanda suka kiyaye Sunna da kuma Littafin Allah. Daga nan al'ummar musulmi ta sami ci gaba cikin salon rayuwa, saboda faruwar sabbin abubuwa cikin rayuwar mutane. Babu shakka wadannan sabbin abubuwa suna bukatar hukumcin Musulunci da sanin dokokin shari'a domin daidaitasu. Wannan fadada-wa cikin shari'a ya fara samuwa kusan a karshen karnin farko a zamanin Imam Muhammad Bakir (a.s.), wanda shi ne malamin Madina, kuma mokamar dukkan malaman zamaninsa. Malaman tarihi da na fikihu sun ruwaito cewa saboda hakan ne ma ake kiransa da Al-Bakir, domin fadadawarsa wajen ilmomi da yada su. A zamanin dansa Imam Ja'afar Sadik (a.s.) ne fannonin ilmi da fikihu da shari'a suka yi fure, yayin da shugabannin mazhabobi suka yi karatu a wajen Imam Sadik (a.s.) din. Da shi babansa Imam Bakir (a.s.) sun kasance masu ruwaito Sunna ne da kuma bayanin abin da Littafin Allah da sunnar suka kunsa, ba wai masu ijtihadi ba ne su.

A zamanin Imam Sadik ne aka fara samun mazhabobin fikihu kamar masu bin ra'ayi da kiyasi, wato mazhabar Imam Abu Hanifa, wanda ya yi karatu na wani lokacin a wajen Imam Sadik (a.s.) da sauran mazhabobi, wadanda daga baya suka takaitu cikin mazhabobi guda hudu, wato: Mazhabobin Malikiyya, Hannifiyya, Shafi'iyya da kuma Hambaliyya. Wadanda su ma wadannan mazhabobi sun rarrabu a tsakaninsu a wajen tafarkin Ijtihadi da yarda da wata ruwaya, a gefe guda kuma ga mazhabar nassi wacce Imam Sadik (a.s.) yake jagoranta, wacce ta dogara da Littafin Allah da Sunnar Annabi (s.a.w.a) wajen fitar da hukumce-hukumcen Musulunci, sannan kuma take watsi da ra'ayi da kiyasi. A daidai lokacin da kuma sauran mazhabobin suka sanya wasu hanyoyi da gano shari'a bayan Littafin Allah da Sunna, kamar su:

1.  Kiyasi.

2.  Istihsan (ganin dacewar ko kyaun abu)

3.  Masalihul Mursala (maslahar al'amari)